artrosi

Artrosi di anca e ginocchio, come si curano

L’aumento medio dell’età e del benessere ha portato ad una maggior richiesta di medicalità e salute. Inoltre, una maggior ricerca della forma fisica, ha aumentato il numero di persone che fanno attività sportiva, incrementando le patologie legate ad essa.

Gli esiti dei traumi ai menischi, ai legamenti, alle cartilagini ed alle ossa delle articolazioni, anche se ben trattati, portano, spesso, ad una artrosi precoce, molto invalidante. Il problema è sentito perché l’artrosi e’ la malattia cronica piu’ diffusa al mondo ed in costante aumento, perché, al contrario di tutte le altre, la prevenzione è misconosciuta e disattesa.

Il deficit posturale da malformazione congenita, anche se modesta, è la causa principale, può innescare veri disastri e, spesso, è sconosciuto ai più. L’eta’ media della vita, in costante crescita, i traumi sportivi , l’eccesso di peso , l’esercizio fisico sbagliato o carente, costituiscono un mix esplosivo aggiuntivo che porta alla degenerazione della cartilagine articolare.

La malattia artrosica assorbe una grossa percentuale della spesa sanitaria nazionale con un grande business che le ruota intorno, tutto rivolto alla terapia, più che alla prevenzione. Dalle cure termali alla chirurgia protesica , per passare attraverso le ortesi o la terapia farmacologica, medici, osteopati, chiropratici, fisioterapisti tentano di risolvere questa patologia, quando ormai è diventata cronica degenerativa ed ingravescente.

Quando la malattia artrosica è già presente e cure mediche/fisiche (radar, ultrasuoni, cure termali, ecc.) non hanno più effetto, l’unica soluzione per ritrovare la gioia di camminare, senza dolore, è l’artroprotesi.

Nel nostro Centro utilizziamo tecniche mininvasive computer e robot assistite, sia per l’anca che per il ginocchio.

A differenza di tutte le altre articolazioni, la protesi del ginocchio non prevede la sostituzione dell’articolazione, ma il rivestimento dei capi ossei.
Un guscio metallico (lega di titanio e cromo cobalto molibdeno) che va a rivestire il femore ed un piatto metallico, con sopra un inserto di plastica, che si appoggia alla tibia. Questo la rende più conservativa delle altre. Inoltre, quando la malattia non colpisce tutto il ginocchio, vi è la possibilità di sostituire solo un comparto del ginocchio, interno od esterno, con un’aggressione chirurgica mini invasiva e la conservazione di tutti i legamenti. Un piccolo guscio di noce per il femore ed un piattino di plastica per la tibia. L’intervento, eseguito in anestesia locale, con pochi giorni di degenza ospedaliera, consente all’ammalata di riprendere la funzionalità completa dell’articolazione, in meno di un mese, e l’attività sportiva. Però, un warning americano (Kutz, S,  JBJS 2007), parla di un incremento del 600% di revisioni delle protesi dal 2005 al 2030, maggiormente del ginocchio. Questo dato, unito all’incremento del numero dei primi impianti, ci porta a temere che, il numero sarà tale da non avere chirurghi, nel mondo, in grado di soddisfare la richiesta. Si preannuncia, così, un mondo di zoppi.
Cosa possiamo fare? Nostro compito, già da adesso è quello di allungare la vita dei nostri impianti, diminuire il numero e la gravità delle future revisioni. L’utilizzo di protesi meno invasive, a risparmio dei tessuti, con l’ausilio delle tecnologie robotiche è quello che, oggi, interpreta meglio questo obbiettivo.

La chirurgia computer assistita è stata sviluppata per aiutare i chirurghi nelle varie fasi dell’intervento di sostituzione protesica.
Diversi autori hanno già pubblicato lavori che dimostrano la sua efficacia nella sostituzione protesica di anca e ginocchio. Si tratta dell’utilizzo di sistemi informatici (software) e supporti meccanici (hardware), come minirobot, attivi o passivi. Il sistema più utilizzato, oggi, nel mondo è la cosiddetta “navigazione”, che estende il suo campo d’applicazione anche alle osteotomie correttive ed alla ricostruzione del legamento crociato del ginocchio. In poche parole, la chirurgia tradizionale, assistita da un computer. Sensori particolari, posizionati sul paziente e sugli strumenti chirurgici, vengono registrati da un lettore collegato al computer. Questo viene informato della posizione dell’arto nello spazio, della sua deformazione artrosica. Elabora i dati e fornisce suggerimenti, sulla base del software, preparato dal chirurgo, per correggere la patologia ed impiantare le componenti protesiche nella posizione voluta. Verifica anche i tagli, per un’eventuale correzione sul campo e fornisce un report con tutti i dati della procedura chirurgica. Il computer può essere utilizzato, anche, per la pianificazione dell’intervento, con una scheda da  inserire in un robot chirurgico o la creazione di apposite mascherine di taglio, specifiche per quel paziente, sulla base di una TAC o RMN. Insomma, un mondo in continua evoluzione, per un supporto, più scientifico, al nostro operare.

Rispetto alla chirurgia tradizionale, queste tecnologie standardizzano i nostri gesti chirurgici (bisogna seguire dei campi obbligatori), li uniformano, con l’obbiettivo di rendere ripetibile le prestazioni ed i risultati. Cambia il modo di dialogare in sala operatoria. Non più per sensazioni visive, basate sull’esperienza, ma ragionando con i numeri, con indicazioni oggettive. Tutti, dal chirurgo, all’assistente, all’anestesista, all’infermiere, guardando il display del computer, tutti possono interagire “dando i numeri”. Il chirurgo è sempre meno artista solitario, padre e padrone della tecnica, e sempre più scolastico, insegnante di un’esperienza tradotta in immagini e numeri. Questa è la vera evoluzione in sala operatoria.

Si impiantano le componenti protesiche al meglio della tecnologia, si conoscono, con numeri, le eventuali dismetrie degli arti inferiori (complicanza, non rara, nella protesi dell’anca) e, di conseguenza, si può porvi rimedio, direttamente in sala. Si conoscono gli sbilanci legamentosi, nelle protesi di ginocchio, gli eventuali mal allineamenti degli arti, diminuiscono le perdite ematiche, le tromboflebiti, ecc. La letteratura internazionale e la nostra esperienza personale ci confortano in questo. Questo però, non vuol dire che si opera meglio, rispetto alla tecnica tradizionale, ma che si opera al meglio delle conoscenze. Noi sosteniamo che il computer aiuta il chirurgo alle prime armi ed esalta l’esperto. Se ne può fare a meno, ma il numero degli appassionati sta crescendo. Soprattutto, tra i principianti ed i professori universitari che hanno capito come il computer possa aiutare il loro dialogo. Si è dimostrato un ottimo strumento d’insegnamento delle procedure chirurgiche.
Per quanto riguarda la tecnica operatoria, oggi, con la computer assistenza molti errori del passato non avvengono più ed i buoni risultati clinici sono la dimostrazione.

Per l’anca vale lo stesso discorso.
Protesi più piccole a risparmio di osso, impiantate con sistemi robotici, con un accoppiamento dei materiali che riduce l’usura, sono oggi, la punta più avanzata in termini di riduzione delle revisioni a distanza.

Un divertente studio scientifico americano mostra chiaramente come i chirurghi ortopedici, anche se esperti, non sempre abbiano una percezione precisa di come stiano impiantando una componente acetabolare. In questo studio in cui veniva chiesto al chirurgo di quantificare i gradi di orientamento della protesi appena eseguita, viene mostrato come, dopo un riscontro TAC post operatorio, l’errore tra presunzione e realtà del posizionamento raggiungeva valori enormi. Quindi la necessità di un controllo computerizzato in sala operatoria non è poi così inutile.

Per concludere è bene ricordare come, a tutt’oggi, non siano stati ancora condotti studi clinici randomizzati, su larga scala, dell’effettiva valenza clinica, a lungo termine, ed il costo-beneficio di questa tecnologia nella protesi dell’anca. Di certo, è stato stabilito, almeno nei lavori pubblicati, che la navigazione migliora l’accuratezza del chirurgo nel posizionare le componenti protesiche. E’ noto anche come il posizionamento delle componenti sia un elemento fondamentale per la sopravvivenza delle protesi dell’anca. Il futuro, a nostro avviso, è in questa filosofia chirurgica.



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